IBS Symptoms and Causes
Understand the symptoms and underlying causes of IBS and how they can be addressed.
Written by Martin Cohen, Dip CNM, mBANT, mCNHC, Registered Nutritional Therapist.
Reviewed October 2026 · Next review due October 2027.
Introduction to IBS Symptoms
The primary symptoms of IBS are abdominal pain linked to going to the toilet, usually with bloating and diarrhoea, constipation or both.
A single cause isn’t known and will differ between people. The causes can include food intolerances, stress and infections as well as food poisoning. These can elad to alterations in the gut microbiome and functioning of the bowel.
This pages covers the symptoms of IBS and the risk factors that can trigger the on-set of this condition.
Note: There are specific digestive and gut health symptoms that can be described as red flags. While these symptoms can be present with IBS flare-ups, they may require further investigations from a doctor. These symptoms include rectal bleeding, abdominal masses, unexplained weight loss and sudden changes in bowel habits and patterns.
The main symptoms of IBS is abdominal (yummy) pain that is assocaited with gooing to the toilet. This is commonly seen with changes in bowel movements. Eg: Constipation, diarrhoea or a mix of the these.
Digestive symptoms can include:
- cramping pain
- bloating
- diarrhoea and urgency (needing to go suddenly)
- constipation
- feeling like you haven’t fully emptied your bowels
- mucus in your poo
- wind
- nausea
Other symptoms people report include tiredness, headaches, backache, and low mood or anxiety.
It’s common for symptoms to come and go, with or without a clear trigger. Some people have symptoms most days. When symptoms get worse for a while, this is called a flare-up.
How does IBS make you feel?
IBS symptoms can be painful and tiring, and many people with IBS worry about food or being far from a toilet.
You may also have low mood or anxiety. This is partly because of the gut-brain connection, the two-way link between your digestive system and your brain. It isn’t “all in your head”. It’s a real physical link between your gut and how you feel.
From our clinic: Most of our IBS patients tell us about both physical and emotional symptoms. The most common ones we see are changes in bowel habits, pain, bloating, and anxiety or worry.
What Causes IBS?
There isn't a single cause of IBS - but there are several well understood factors that can cause symptoms to develop or progress. These can differ from person to person and include:
Changes in gut bacteria
Studies regularly report imbalances in the gut microbiome of people with IBS. It is currently unclear whether this is the cause of IBS, or the result of another factor.
Gut-brain connection
The gut and the brain are in constant communication. Stressful life events and anxiety can contribute to changes in how the bowel functions, contributing to both the onset and flare-ups in IBS symptoms.
A sensitive gut
Visceral hypersensitivity is where the nerves along the gut lining become sensitive. This can lead to increased pain perception, making even a small amount of gas in the bowel feel very painful.
Infections and food poisoning
IBS can start following a case of gastroenteritis, travellers’ diarrhoea or food poisoning, referred to as post-infectious IBS. A 2007 meta-analysis found that the odds of developing IBS were about six times higher after acute gastrointestinal infection. (Thabane, 2007).
Food
For some, a range of foods may trigger symptoms. The most common foods contain FODMAPs which are fermentable carbohydrates that in some, can lead to gas and bloating soon after eating. This is often due to changes in the gut microbiome, and is not considered an allergy.
SIBO
SIBO (small intestinal bacterial overgrowth) is found in some people with IBS. This can be a common cause of IBS symptoms and can be approached in various ways to address the bacterial imbalance.
Other things that can play a part
Certain medications, long-periods of stress, bile acid issues and poor sleep may all contribute to IBS development and progression.
Speak to us about your gut health today
What triggers an IBS flare-up?
Common triggers for a flare-up inlcude certain foods (eg fried or spicy), stress, poor sleep, infecetion as well as some medications.
- dietary
- infections
- psychological
- caffeine
- alcohol
- large or irregular meals
- hormonal changes
- gut bacteria
- antibiotics
Your Next Step
Get help for your IBS
Book a free 15-minute consultation where we’ll review your symptoms and answer any questions.
Read more about IBS diagnosis
Understand the process of gut health tests and the process of IBS diagnosis.
Read moreFrequently Asked Questions
What is the main cause of IBS?
The main causes of IBS vary between people, but they can include changes in the gut bacteria, food intolerances and stress. Other causes can include SIBO, food poisoning, visceral hypersensitivity and bile acid issues.
Why are my IBS symptoms worse at different times?
Meal timings and circadian rhythms can mean IBS symptoms are worse at different times of the day. For women, this can also be related to hormonal changes.
Can IBS cause tiredness, nausea or headaches?
Yes, along with gut symptoms (e.g. bloating), a range of other symptoms can appear with IBS, including tiredness, nausea and headaches. These can be related to poor nutrient absorption, gut irritation and histamine production.
Is IBS genetic?
Genetics and a family history of IBS can increase the risk of developing IBS; however, IBS is not strictly genetic. Certain genes may influence the immune response to certain foods in the gut or the gut microbiome, but other risk factors would need to be present for the genes to be an issue.
Can stress cause IBS?
Yes, stress can lead to changes in how the gut functions and responds. This can be via alterations in the gut bacteria, the gut lining and the gut-brain connection. Changes in the gut can then lead to more stress, creating a vicious cycle.
